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Discussion on the Application of Emergency Power Supplies (EPS) in Building Power Distribution and Supply Design

Discussion on the Application of Emergency Power Supplies (EPS) in Building Power Distribution and Supply Design

As building heights continue to rise, the use of large-scale power-consuming equipment within buildings is also increasing steadily—ranging from elevators and high-capacity lighting systems to fire protection and water supply systems. The growing number of power-consuming devices has led building power distribution systems to increasingly adopt Class I and Class II load designs. Elevators, water supply systems, lighting, and other such facilities directly impact people’s work and daily life—for example, emergency power supply in hospitals—and these types of electrical loads must be reliably guaranteed. Given the characteristics of building power distribution systems—such as numerous power users, extremely high fire safety requirements, and substantial electrical loads—the design must ensure high reliability, continuity, safety, and cost-effectiveness. Properly designing building power distribution systems...

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2019/02

Deterioration detected—there is no reference value for the internal resistance of the UPS battery.

Deterioration detected—there is no reference value for the internal resistance of the UPS battery.

Professional battery maintenance personnel know that when a battery starts to degrade, significant voltage abnormalities typically don't become apparent until the battery is in the late stages of deterioration—close to complete failure. Therefore, although batteries in base stations and equipment rooms are equipped with online voltage monitoring systems, simply monitoring voltage online isn't sufficient. Regularly measuring battery internal resistance is crucial for detecting deteriorating batteries at an earlier stage and ensuring the reliable operation of the power supply. In the early and mid-stages of battery degradation, the float charge voltage won't show any noticeable changes; it's only when the battery experiences an open circuit, short circuit, or reaches an extremely severe level of degradation that voltage measurements might reveal problems—but by then, it could already be too late. Fun fact: When differences in battery internal resistance cause uneven voltage distribution...

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2019/02

Why adopt an EPS power supply instead of a UPS power supply, a diesel generator, or a second power feed?

Why adopt an EPS power supply instead of a UPS power supply, a diesel generator, or a second power feed?

Relevant national building electrical codes and national fire safety regulations explicitly stipulate that large-scale buildings—especially those used for public gatherings—must be equipped with emergency fire lighting systems, which are designed to facilitate the safe evacuation and escape of people in the event of a fire. To strengthen the enforcement of fire safety laws, on July 25, 2000, the Ministry of Public Security issued a notice titled “On Implementing Relevant Provisions of the National Standard ‘Emergency Fire Lighting Fixtures,’” requiring that all emergency fire lighting fixtures manufactured from January 1, 2001, onward in each province must comply with the national standard GB 17945, “Emergency Fire Lighting Fixtures.” This standard provides clear specifications for the emergency power sources used in emergency fire lighting systems, specifying—

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2019/02

Common EPS Emergency Power Supply Alarms

Common EPS Emergency Power Supply Alarms

When using an EPS emergency power supply, various alarms may occur, and each alarm carries a different meaning. This article provides explanations for common alarms encountered in EPS emergency power supplies—these are specific to EPS emergency power supplies of this brand and do not cover common alarms found in EPS emergency power supplies of other brands. The details are as follows: 1. Main input power failure or rectifier input switch disconnected: - The input phase voltage is outside the range of (165–250) VAC; - The input frequency is outside the range of (45–55) Hz; - The rectifier input switch is open; - The phase sequence of the input power supply is incorrect. 2. Low battery voltage: - A low-voltage alarm is triggered when the system is powered on. This is a normal condition; simply press the silence button to disable the alarm. Battery switch...

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2019/02

Advantages of Modular UPS Power Supplies

Advantages of Modular UPS Power Supplies

A modular UPS power supply comprises a rectifier, an inverter, a static bypass switch, and associated control circuits and a CPU-based main control board. The greatest advantage of a modular UPS power supply is its ability to enhance system reliability and availability. If any single module fails, it will not affect the normal operation of other modules. Moreover, thanks to its hot-swappable feature, the system’s installation and repair time can be significantly reduced. The system architecture of a modular UPS power supply is highly flexible; the power modules are designed in such a way that they can be freely removed and installed during system operation without disrupting the system’s performance or output. This allows for “on-demand scalability” in investment planning, enabling users to expand their systems as their business grows.

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2019/02

How do uninterruptible power supply systems protect against lightning strikes?

How do uninterruptible power supply systems protect against lightning strikes?

UPS is the English abbreviation for “uninterruptible power system,” an essential external device capable of providing a continuous, stable, and uninterrupted power supply. According to their operating principles, UPSs are categorized into three main types: standby, online, and line-interactive. As its name suggests, a UPS is precisely such a device—it can maintain a power supply for a certain period when the mains power is interrupted, giving people enough time to save their work. UPS is the English abbreviation for “uninterruptible power system,” an essential external device capable of providing a continuous, stable, and un

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2019/02

Method for Calculating the Discharge Time of a UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply

Method for Calculating the Discharge Time of a UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply

a. Basic Formula: Active power of the load × Support time = Battery discharge capacity × Battery voltage × UPS inverter efficiency. Where: Active power of the load = Total load power × Load power factor; UPS inverter efficiency ≈ 0.9; Battery discharge capacity = Nominal battery capacity × Battery discharge efficiency. Battery discharge efficiency depends on the discharge current or discharge duration and can be determined by referring to the table below: b. Calculation Formula: Active power of the load × Support time = Battery discharge capacity × Battery voltage × UPS inverter efficiency. c. Example Calculation: Example: Total load power is 3000 VA, load power factor is 0.7, UPS battery voltage is 96 V, and the required support time is 1 hour. Determine the appropriate battery capacity to be selected. Calculation: 3000 (VA) × 0.7 × 1 (h) = Battery discharge capacity × 96 × 0.9 Battery discharge capacity = UPS (VA) × 0.7 × 1 (h) / Battery voltage × 0.9 Nominal battery capacity = Battery discharge capacity / Discharge efficiency. Result: Battery discharge capacity = 24.3 (Ah); Nominal battery capacity = 24.3 / 0.6 = 40.5 (Ah). Conclusion: A 38 Ah battery (8 units of 12 V/38 Ah batteries) can be selected. The battery discharge within the UPS should be a constant-power discharge, meaning the load power remains unchanged regardless of whether the mains power is normal or not. Battery discharge current = (Load apparent power × Load power factor) / (Inverter efficiency × Total battery pack voltage). Any change in the load characteristics will result in a change in the discharge current. It is important to note that the UPS does not have a concept of constant-current discharge. However, when determining the battery configuration, some battery manufacturers provide battery parameters only for constant-current discharge (because the definition of battery capacity is based on constant-current discharge). In such cases, the constant-current discharge parameters may need to be used. Total load power × Load power factor × Support time = Nominal battery capacity × Discharge efficiency × Battery voltage × UPS inverter efficiency. Support time = (Nominal battery capacity × Discharge efficiency × Battery voltage × UPS inverter efficiency) / (Total load power × Load power factor). Nominal battery capacity = (Total load power × Load power factor × Support time) / (Discharge efficiency × Battery voltage × UPS inverter efficiency). Support time = (Ah × Discharge efficiency × Battery voltage × 0.9) / (KVA × 0.7). Nominal battery capacity = (KVA × 0.7 × Support time) / (Discharge efficiency × Battery voltage × 0.9).

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2019/02

Solutions for Electromagnetic Compatibility Compliance Issues in UPS Uninterruptible Power Supplies

Solutions for Electromagnetic Compatibility Compliance Issues in UPS Uninterruptible Power Supplies

According to years of research and practical experience in electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), if we assume that addressing EMC issues during the product development phase costs 1 unit, then resolving them during the prototype development phase could cost as much as 10 units. By the time of mass production, the cost could soar to 100 units, and by the time of on-site installation, the cost could be thousands of times higher—or even become impossible to resolve altogether. Therefore, EMC issues for UPS uninterruptible power supplies must be addressed during the product’s development phase. Given the specific characteristics of UPS products, their EMC primarily involves the following aspects: conducted emissions from the power input and output; radiated emissions from the power supply; and the UPS’s immunity to interference. Below, we will discuss in detail the design methods for meeting the relevant standard requirements. 1. Suppression of Conducted Emissions from Input and Output For conducted emissions, we can consider three key aspects: the emission source, the conduction path, and direct suppression of interference. A. Elimination and Reduction of Emission Sources: In a UPS, there are AC/DC rectifiers, DC/AC inverters employing SPWM technology, high-frequency PFC circuits, and DC/DC conversion stages—all of which are significant sources of interference within the UPS. Particularly critical are transformers, inductors, and high-frequency current loops. Therefore, carefully designing the parameters and manufacturing processes of these components and optimizing their placement within the overall system can significantly reduce their interference levels. Additionally, properly designing the PCB layout and wiring for high-frequency currents can further improve the UPS’s emission performance. For the drive circuits in power converters, increasing the drive resistance without compromising efficiency or internal impedance can lengthen the rise and fall times of switching signals, thereby reducing the high-frequency harmonic content of voltage and current. B. Suppression of Conduction Paths: Since all conducted emissions can only affect the UPS’s input and output terminals via appropriate spatial paths and conductive pathways, minimizing these transmission paths is an effective way to reduce the UPS’s interference. For example, placing all emission sources as far away as possible from the input and output terminals, routing power cables away from the vicinity of emission sources, reinforcing suppression measures at the entry and exit points of emission sources, using shielding to spatially isolate emission sources from other components, and positioning the input and output terminals at relatively distant locations within the entire system—these strategies can all help reduce conducted emissions effectively. C. Direct Suppression of Interference: If, after adopting the above methods, the UPS still fails to meet the standard requirements, directly installing appropriate EMI filtering components—such as inductors, high-frequency capacitors, or dedicated filters—in the input and output circuits can once again effectively suppress the UPS’s conducted emissions. Practice has shown that simply increasing the relevant parameters and attenuation dB values of the filters typically allows the UPS’s conducted emissions to be reduced below the standard limits. Of course, it’s crucial to install the filters as close as possible to the input and output terminals, since even a few extra centimeters of wiring can increase interference. Plug-in filters are the most ideal choice in this regard. Moreover, the capacitors used in the filters or externally added EMI filtering capacitors should ideally be non-inductive to enhance their filtering effectiveness. 2. Suppression of Radiated Emissions from the Entire System For radiated emissions from the UPS, there are two primary approaches: suppressing the intensity of the radiation sources and managing the radiation paths. A. Suppression of Radiation Sources: In a UPS, the method for suppressing the radiation intensity of emission sources is essentially the same as that used for conducted emissions, since the emission sources themselves generate both conducted and radiated interference. Additionally, for radiated interference, applying appropriate shielding measures to the radiation sources can effectively reduce the level and energy of the radiated emissions. B. Managing Radiation Paths: Equal-potential design of the entire system’s enclosure: According to electromagnetic field theory, in a well-grounded, ideally sealed metallic enclosure with six closed surfaces, there is no mutual interference between the internal and external electromagnetic fields. Therefore, the UPS enclosure should generally be made of metal, with all surfaces properly connected to ensure they form a single equipotential body. This approach can significantly weaken the UPS’s external radiated emissions. In general, for applications with strict EMC requirements, it’s best not to use plastic for the UPS enclosure. Handling connections entering and exiting the UPS enclosure: Since the UPS must have connections such as input and output power terminals and battery expansion terminals passing through its enclosure, proper handling of these connections to prevent interference is extremely important and directly affects whether the test results meet the standard requirements. Generally, adding suitable high-frequency magnetic rings and high-frequency capacitors to these lines can achieve excellent results. 3. Immunity Design for UPS Systems The immunity of a UPS mainly refers to the anti-interference capability of its control circuitry. From a circuit perspective, this can be divided into two aspects: immunity of analog circuits and immunity of digital circuits. Good anti-interference performance is a prerequisite for ensuring the normal operation of the UPS. Therefore, during the initial design stage of the UPS’s control circuitry, its anti-interference capability must be taken into account. Otherwise, when exposed to external interference, the entire control scheme could be completely compromised. A. Immunity of Analog Circuits: For open-loop analog control systems, it’s common practice to add appropriate RC circuits to parts where interference might occur, thus eliminating the disturbance. For closed-loop analog control systems, in addition to using RC circuits, it’s also essential to appropriately adjust the frequency characteristics of the closed-loop amplifier’s gain to ensure that any interfering signals won’t have adverse effects on the loop. For the power-stage circuits, shortening all wiring lengths, adding dummy loads, and reducing the complexity of the power-drive circuits can all effectively enhance the power circuit’s anti-interference capability. B. Immunity of Digital Circuits: For digital control circuits, their anti-interference capability is crucial to the reliability of the UPS, since nearly all modern UPS control systems now employ microcontrollers with digital control. A system with poor anti-interference performance could lead to UPS shutdowns or damage. Effective filtering of the digital circuit’s power supply is the fundamental guarantee against interference; all I/O ports should undergo appropriate RC treatment; the control circuitry should be kept as far away as possible from the power stage; appropriate electromagnetic shielding measures should be implemented; and a well-designed PCB layout can all effectively prevent digital systems from being affected by external interference. It’s important to emphasize that for closed-loop voltage regulation and synchronization control in UPS systems, the anti-interference capability of the control model and software filtering techniques must be thoroughly and reasonably considered during system modeling and fully tested during system commissioning.

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